In United States v. Bourdreau, --- F.4th ---, No. 23-4092 (9th Cir. 2025), the Court affirmed Christopher Todd Boudreau’s conviction and sentence for attempted coercion and enticement of a minor to engage in illegal sexual activity under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) and possession of child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B).
Boudreau was convicted of attempted coercion and enticement of a minor to engage in illegal sexual activity under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) and possession of child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). On appeal, he challenges the district court’s denial of three pretrial motions: (1) his motion to suppress the child pornography seized from his residence; (2) his motion to sever the two charges in his indictment as improperly joined; and (3) his motion in limine to exclude evidence about a relationship that he pursued with a 17-yearold girl during the same month as his charged conduct. Boudreau also appeals the substantive reasonableness of his sentence. We affirm.Boudreau makes two arguments for suppressing the child pornography found at his residence. First, he contends that the warrant was not supported by probable cause to believe that child pornography would be found. Second, he contends that the affidavit supporting the warrant application contained knowingly false or reckless statements, demanding suppression under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).To start, to the extent that the Government suggests the child pornography found at Boudreau’s residence should not be suppressed because the search warrant affidavit established probable cause to believe that officers would find evidence of enticement of a minor on Boudreau’s computer, this argument fails. For this argument to plausibly work, the Government must have argued that the child pornography inevitably would have been discovered because it was in plain view on Boudreau’s hard drive during the officers’ lawful search for evidence of enticement. But the Government did not cite or discuss either the inevitable-discovery exception or the plain-view doctrine. Cf., e.g., Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 440–48 (1984) (adopting the inevitable-discovery doctrine); Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325–29 (1987) (explaining the requirements of the plain-view doctrine). Therefore, we do not address whether either principle applies here. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8), (b); Greenwood v. FAA, 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994). Instead, in this case the Government must show that the warrant application contained sufficient indicia of probable cause to believe that Boudreau possessed child pornography at his residence.This case falls between Gourde and Dougherty. Unlike Gourde, the search warrant was not issued specifically to search for evidence of child pornography. Rather, similar to Dougherty, the supporting affidavit focused on facts related to Boudreau’s commission of a related but distinct crime— attempted enticement of a minor. Under our precedent, this alone does not establish probable cause to search his residence for evidence of any crime related to a sexual interest in children. See Dougherty, 654 F.3d at 899. But relevant facts and circumstances from a related offense may contribute to the totality of the circumstances supporting probable cause to search for evidence of child pornography. Such is the case here.Given the totality of circumstances presented here, we conclude that the warrant, issued to search for evidence of a crime under Montana Code § 45-5-625, was supported by probable cause to believe not only that evidence of enticement would be found at Boudreau’s residence, but also evidence of child pornography.Boudreau also argues that his motion to suppress should have been granted because Detective Wafstet knowingly or recklessly omitted from his affidavit that Boudreau used only his cellphone to communicate with “Mia” and that the cellphone had already been recovered by officers before the search warrant was sought. Bourdeau contends that this omission misled the issuing judge into believing that the search could locate an electronic device that was used to communicate with “Mia.”Here, Boudreau’s Franks argument fails because even if Detective Wafstet knew and failed to disclose that Boudreau used only his cellphone to communicate with “Mia,”1 this omission was immaterial. As we have explained, there was probable cause to believe that Boudreau possessed child pornography. If Detective Wafstet lied or omitted material facts regarding Boudreau’s method of communication with “Mia,” it would have had no effect on the fair probability that Boudreau possessed child pornography. Either way, officers still had probable cause to search his home and seize any electronic devices capable of storing child pornography.Next, Bourdeau argues that the district court erred by not severing the two charges in his indictment.Of the applicable factors, the first factor carries the most weight in this case. Enticement of a minor and possession of child pornography both involve as an element that the defendant sought to engage in inappropriate sexual activities with minors, in person or voyeuristically. Our sister circuits that have addressed this issue have uniformly held that enticement of a minor is of the same or similar character to possession of child pornography.While the Government may have been able to prove its case without Hope’s testimony, as Boudreau contends, that does not render the evidence unfairly prejudicial. Rather, it suggests that any error was harmless. See Lague, 971 F.3d at 1041. At trial, the jury heard properly admitted evidence of Boudreau’s predatory behavior toward someone he believed was 12-year-old girl. In this context, it is unlikely that Hope’s testimony caused the jury to convict Boudreau on an improper basis.On this record, the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the sentence it imposed did not result in unwarranted sentencing disparity.
